UCLA Department of Ethnomusicology

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Ethnomusicology C176/276: Psychology of Film Music

Syllabus

This course explores music in film, animation, and dance through the lens of cognitive psychology.  The focus is on the interpretation of film music relative to a model of musical meaning.  Therefore, the course has little emphasis on experimental psychology content and technique, and should be considered a special category of music literature course based on the field of systematic musicology. 

This is not a history of film or history of music course, and examples are not presented in chronological order.  However, the context, including era, composer, and relationships among examples, is important.

A main objective of this course is to develop in the student a sharply-honed critical listening/viewing capability.

Student Background:

No formal experience with music theory or musicology is presumed.

Text:

The optional (but recommended) text is:

Hickman, Roger.  Reel Music:  Exploring 100 Years of Film Music.  New York:  W. W. Norton, 2006.

Reading assignments will be given in this text.  They are required, but not extensive enough to warrant purchase.    In addition, selections of films for analysis in the two papers (see below) must be cited in this volume--unless an exception is arranged.

A copy of the text will be available in the Music Library on reserve.

 

Grading:

The main graded items will be two analytical papers, one on  Monday of Week 6, the other during finals week.  There is no in-class exam during finals week.

Policy on Late Work:

Professor Kendall will judge late submissions on a case-by-case basis. However, as a general rule, if no valid (emergency) reason is given, at least a half-grade will be deducted if the paper is not submitted by midnight of the specified due date.

Exceptionally Important Note:  The prose part of the paper should exhibit good grammar and spelling and use a consistent style. When you are citing information, appropriate citation format should be used within the text, such as, in APA style,  ( Rózsa, 1967, p. 27), and also included in a References section with bibliographic format at the end of the paper.    Note that quoted or incorporated electronic information (web, TV, DVD commentaries, etc)  must be given full credit with citation just as printed material would.    Any paper that is provided without good format will be downgraded.    

The paper *MUST* follow the guidelines of either the MLA or APA or any other manual of style.  See the TA or ask for help.  Papers are *expected* to have full and detailed citations for all information provided.

 

Paper 1 – Midterm (25%):  A paper of a minimum of 3.5 double-spaced prose pages.   Page counts do not include the time-line (see below.

The film chosen must be mentioned in the optional text (see above).  All information required must come from outside the Hickman text.

The paper will contain the following parts, with part 4 being the most important:

  • General details of the film:  Director, characters, actors, date of production, music composer.  Give specific details on the version of the movie you are basing your analysis on:  Length, studio, date of manufacture (if possible), etc.  This identifies the version--there are at least six versions of Close Encounters.. for example.  Each release is a version, since timings must be based on the specific release.
  • A concise history of the film itself, its genesis, presentation, and acceptance.  Where does this film fit within the larger body of film?
  • A concise biography of the film composer, including historical detail of his work on this film.
  • An analysis of the relationship of music to film, using musical and musical meaning components presented in class.  Use timings based on the start of the tape or disc to identify specific places in the film.  This is called the ‘time-line.’

 

You will be provided an analytical structure for producing a ‘time-line’ detailing music/film interactions in the film.  This time-line is not included in the prose page count, but is included as an appendix.

It should be noted that many students tend to focus on parts 1, 2, and 3.  Avoid this.   The focus should be on point 4 in relation to the other parts

 

Paper 2 – Final (45%):  A paper of a minimum of 8-10 prose pages not including the time-line.

This paper will analyze the film/music relationship in two films with music by the same composer or connected by genre (comedy, horror, etc).  The paper will contain the elements of paper 1 for the films, followed by a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences in the use of music between  the  films

This comparative analysis is extremely important, and most of the prose should be devoted to this. 

Students will provide the name of the film music composer they will study to the teaching assistant in the 8th week of class.

If you want to use a film presented in class, check with the instructor or TA.  Films dealt with extensively in class are not accepted for either paper.

 

 

Academic Integrity:   These are not group projects, and similarity of content among students is not expected.  Issues of academic integrity are taken very seriously..  Incorporating verbatim text from the internet  or copying papers produced for this course in previous terms will result in  action being taken according to university guidelines.

Attendance – 10%  Attendance is mandatory.  One (1) absence is given ‘free’ without excuse.  Each unexcused absence costs 5% (half a grade) each.  Almost all of the content of this course is presented in class. 

Quizzes (20% total):  There are two short (ca. 10-15 question) quizzes on basic terminology and listening skills, each worth 10%.  I will announce the quiz one class period before it is given.  Please note that the film music composer’s names and the films they worked on may be included on a quiz.

 

Summary:  Attendance 10% Midterm Paper 25% Final Paper 45%  Quizzes  20%

Extra Credit:  3%

Extra Credit (3%):  There are two ways to obtain extra credit (only one extra credit may be submitted):

  • At any time during the quarter, a maximum 3% paper can be submitted.  This must be brief (ca. one or two pages), and must be devoted to music use in short subject films.  Films used may be either live or animation drawn from www.atomfilms.com.  Note that you will need a high-speed connection (DSL, Cable, or UCLA network), since modem connections will be far too slow.

 

  • Participate in a cognitive music experiment in the Music Cognition and Acoustics laboratory.  This provides an opportunity for the student to experience the type of perceptual research that underlies cognitive psychology.  Students participate for one session of about an hour to complete the requirement.

 

Resources:

UCLA Film and TV Archive

Address:

Powell Library
46 Powell Library, UC, Los Angeles, 90095-1571; (310) 206-5388 (voice); (310) 206-5392 (fax); arsc@ucla.edu

For information on library hours, services, etc., check the library's web site at: http://www.library.ucla.edu
Powell Library media center provides on-site individual viewing access to many of the titles (over 7,800)  in its collection of motion pictures, television and news film.
Video stores for rental, such as Blockbuster.  Netflix (www.netflix.com) for rentals of DVDs.

*****On-Line Resources:

 

Reviews and synopses of films:

Movie Review Query Engine on the web:

http://www.mrqe.com/lookup?

*****A very important online resource is the Internet Movie Database.  It is strongly suggested that the student become very familiar with the search engine on this site.  Please note that information from the web included in your work must be given credit by citation.:  http://www.imdb.com/
Short Subjects for Direct Viewing:

www.atomfilms.com

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Topics and General Chronology

 

Psychology as the Science of Behavior – A brief historical overview
Music as Communication (Kendall & Carterette, 1996)
Frames of Reference…coding among frames, implicit and explicit knowledge

Basic Musical Elements

                  Pitch Perception/Circularity..Psychological nature of Scales and Modes..Major vs. Minor

                  Time Perception/meter/beat/rhythm
                                    Various musical examples
                                    Goldsmith:  Capricorn One
                 
Melody as the cognition of pitch/time strata (Monahan, Kendall, & Carterette, 1986)
                  Timbre and Instrumentation

Music and Cognitive Semiotics
                  Leonard Meyer, Charles Peirce, and the reformulation by Kendall (2005).
                  Referentialism, Associationism, Iconism, Embodied Meaning (Expressionism), Syntax.

Associative Meanings in Film Music
                  Signature Intervals
                                    John Williams and the Perfect Fifth
                                                      E.T.
                                                      Star Wars
                                                      Jurassic Park
                                    R. Strauss, 2001
                                    Copland-Rodeo
                                    Blazing Saddles
                                    Gunfight at the OK Corral
                                    Magnificent Seven (Bernstein)
                                    How the West was Won
                                   
                  Major vs. Minor
                                   
                                    Casablanca
                                    2001 A Space Odyssey

                  Instrumentation
                                    Theremin
                                                      Spellbound
                                                      The Day the Earth Stood Still
                                                      Mars Attacks
                                                      The Red Shoes
                                    Saxophone
                                                      Laura
                                                      Street Car Named Desire
                                                      West Side Story
                                   
                                    ‘Ethnic’:  Banjo/Guitar - Lilies of the Field
                                                      Koto:  Tora Tora Tora
                                                      Percussion:  The King and I (Ballet Sequence)
                                                      Dijeridou:  Right Stuff
                                                     
                                    Human Voice: 
                                                      Glory
                                                      Little Mermaid
                                                      The Phantom Menace
                                                      Mars Attacks

Iconic Meanings

                  Physiognomic Perceptions
                  Iconic Archetypes (Kendall, 2000):  Ramp, Arch, etc.
                                   
                                    Cartoon from ‘Who Framed Roger Rabbit’
                                    By a Waterfall from ‘Footlight Parade’
                                    Close Encounters
                                    E. T. (Bicycle Scene)
                                    Wizard of Oz                 
                                    Fantasia

                                   
                                   

Syntactical Structures
                                   
                                    West Side Story
                                    Paul Wyle (Olympics)
                                    Les Noces (Filmed Version)
                                    Red Shoes

How Local and Global Features interact in Structural Relationship

Leitmotif and Idee Fixe:

 

                                                      Ben Hur
                                                      Star Wars
                                                      Gone with the Wind
                                                      The Great Escape
                                                      Close Encounters of the Third Kind

                  Monothematic

                                                      Laura
                                                      Lilies of the Field

                  Bithematic

                                                      Spellbound

                  Theme and Variation

                                                     
                                                      Laura
                                                      Casablanca
                                                      DTPOT

                                                      Casablanca
                                                      Footlight Parade (Shanghai Lil sequence)

Interactions of Hollywood with Other Domains

                                    El Norte
Kundun
                                    Memoirs of a Geisha
                                    The Last Samurai
                                    The 5th Element
                                    The Matrix
                                   

 

Perception of the Composers Intent
                                   
                                    Lipscomb and Kendall (1996)
                                                      Star Trek IV
                                    2001 a Space Odyssey (Alex North Original vs. Kubrik’s selection)

Putting It All Together:

                                    Spellbound
                                    Psycho
                                    The Little Mermaid
                                    Alexander Nevsky and Star Trek II
                                    Glory
                                    Das Boot                 
                                    The Day the Earth Stood Still
                                    Pi
                                    Signs
                                    The Matrix
                                    The Last of the Mohicans
                                    Braveheart

Bibliographic Resources:

Supplementary text:  Hickman, Roger.  Reel Music.  New York:  W. W. Norton, 2006. On reserve in the music library.

Brown, Royal S. Overtones and Undertones. Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1994.

Karlin, Fred. Listening to the Movies. New York, Schirmer, 1994.

Kendall, R. & Carterette, E. Music perception and cognition. In Cognitive Ecology, Mort Friedman, Ed. Orlando, Academic Press, 1996.

Prendergast, R. Film Music: A Neglected Art. 2ndEd. New York, Norton, 1992.

Meyer, Leonard B. Emotion and Meaning in Music. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956.

Dowling, W. J. and Harwood, D. L. Music Cognition. Orlando, Academic Press, 1986.

Kalinak, K Settling the Score: Music and the Classical Hollywood Film. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992.

Kendall, R. A.   Empirical approaches to musical meaning.  In R. A. Kendall & R. W. H. Savage (Eds.).  Selected Reports in Systematic Musicology, 12, 2005.  On reserve in the music library.

Palmer, Christopher. The Composer in Hollywood. London and New York: Marion Boyars, 1990.
Chion, Michel. Audio- Vision. Ed. & Trans. Claudia Gorbman. New York, Columbia University Press, 1994.

 

 


 

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